1. Pakkhī gāyanto sākhāyaṃ nisīdati.
bird / singing / on branch / sits
The bird sits on the branch singing.

2. Gāviṃ rajjuyā muñcamānā ammā khette ṭhitā hoti.
cow / from rope / releasing / mother / in field / stood / is
Mother is standing in the field releasing the cow from the rope.

3. Kaññāyo sabhāyaṃ naccantiyo gāyiṃsu.
girls / in hall / dancing / sang
The girls sang while dancing in the hall.

4. Seṭṭhī mahantaṃ (much) dhanaṃ vissajjetvā samaṇānaṃ vihāraṃ kārāpesi.
millionaire / much / wealth / having spent / for monks / monastery / got...built
The millionaire spent much wealth and got a monastery built for the monks.

5. Hatthino ca kaṇeruyo ca aṭaviyaṃ āhiṇḍanti.
male elephants and / female elephants / in forest / roam
Male and female elephants roam in the forest.

6. Pāpakārī pāpāni paṭicchādetvā sappuriso viya (like) sabhāyaṃ nisinno seṭṭhinā saddhiṃ kathesi.
evil doer / wicked deeds / having hidden / righteous man / like / at meeting / seated / with rich man / spoke
The evil doer hid (his) wicked deeds and sitting at the meeting (posing) like a righteous man spoke with the rich man.

7. Sappurisā dīghajīvino hontu, puttā sukhino bhavantu.
good men / long living people / may...be / sons / happy / may...be
May good men enjoy long life, may (their) sons be happy.

8. Vāṇijo nagaramhā bhaṇḍāni kiṇitvā piṭakesu pakkhipitvā rajjuyā bandhitvā āpaṇaṃ pesesi.
merchant / from town / goods / having bought / in boxes / having packed / with rope / having tied / [to] market / sent
The merchant bought the goods from the town, packed (them) in boxes, tied (the boxes) with a rope and sent (them) to the market.

9. Sārathinā āhaṭe rathe vaḍḍhakī nisinno hoti.
by charioteer / brought / in chariot / carpenter / seated / is
The carpenter is seated in the chariot brought by the charioteer.

10. Sabbe (all) pāṇino dīghajīvino na bhavanti/honto.
all / beings / long living ones / are not
All beings do not have long lives.

11. Ammā vaḍḍhakinā gehaṃ kārāpetvā dārikāhi saha tattha (there) vasi.
mother / carpenter / house / got..ṭo build / with girls / there / lived
The mother got the carpenter to build a house and lived there with the girls.

12. Mayaṃ maṇayo vatthena veṭhetvā mañjūsāyaṃ nikkhipitvā bhariyānaṃ pesayimha.
we / gems / in cloth / having wrapped / in box / having placed / to wives / sent
Having wrapped the gems in cloth and placed in a box, we sent (them) to (our) wives.

13. Muni pāpakāriṃ pakkosāpetvā dhammaṃ desetvā ovadi.
sage / evil-doer / having summoned / doctrine / having preached / advised
Having summoned the evil-doer, the sage preached the doctrine and advised (him).

14. Balinā bhūpatino dinnaṃ kariṃ oloketuṃ tumhe sannipatittha.
by powerful one / to king / given / elephant / to look / you / assembled
You assembled to look at the elephant given to the king by the powerful one.

15. Ahaṃ seṭṭhī kuṭṭhiṃ pakkosāpetvā bhojanaṃ (food) dāpesiṃ.
I / millionaire / leper / having got..ṣummoned / food / got...given
I, the millionaire, called the leper and caused him to be given food.

16. Sace girimhi sikhino vasanti, te (them) passituṃ ahaṃ giriṃ āruhituṃ ussahissāmi.
if / peacocks / in mountain / live / them / to see / I / mountain / to climb / will try
If the peacocks live in the mountain, I will try to climb the mountain to see them.

17. Bhūpati sappuriso abhavi/ahosi; mantino pāpakārino abhaviṃsu/ahesuṃ.
king / righteous man / was / ministers / evil-doers / were
The king was a righteous man, the ministers were evil-doers.

18. Balinā kārāpitesu pāsādesu seṭṭhino puttā na vasiṃsu.
by powerful ones / got..built / in palaces / banker's / sons / did not live
The banker's sons did not live in the palaces the powerful ones got built.

19. Sabbe pāṇino sukhaṃ pariyesamānā jīvanti, kammāni karonti.
all / living beings / happiness / seeking / live / deeds / performing
All beings live seeking happiness and performing deeds.

20. Sāmī maṇayo ca suvaṇṇaṃ ca kiṇitvā bhariyāya adadi/adāsi.
husband / gems and / gold and / having bought / to wife / gave
The husband bought gems and gold and gave to (his) wife.

21. Asanisaddaṃ (sound of thunder) sutvā girimhi sikhino naccituṃ ārabhiṃsu.
peal of thunder / having heard / in mountain / peacocks / to dance / began
After hearing the peal of thunder, peacocks in the mountain began to dance.

22. Mā balino pāpakārī hontu/bhavantu.
not / powerful men / evil doers / may/should be
Powerful men should not be evil doers.
Alt: May the powerful ones not be evil doers.

23. Sappurisā kusalaṃ karontā, manussehi puññaṃ kārentā, sukhino bhavanti.
good men / merits / doing / people / good / getting..ṭo do / happy / become
Righteous men doing good get people engaged in meritorious deeds and become happy.

24. Kavi asinā ariṃ pahari; kaviṃ paharituṃ asakkonto ari kuddho ahosi.
poet / with sword / enemy / hit / poet / to hit / unable / enemy / angry / was
The poet hit the enemy with a sword; unable to hit the poet, the enemy was angry.

25. Kapayo rukkhesu carantā pupphāni ca chindiṃsu.
monkeys / on trees / moving / flowers (and) / destroyed
The monkeys moving on the trees destroyed the flowers.

1. Bhikkhavo Tathāgatassa sāvakā honti.
monks / Buddha's / disciples / are
The monks are disciples of the Buddha.

2. Bandhavo ammaṃ passituṃ nagaramhā gāmaṃ āgamiṃsu.
relatives / mother / to see / from city / [to] village / came
The relatives came from the city to the village to see (their) mother.

3. Coro āraññe taravo chindituṃ pharasuṃ ādāya gacchi/agami.
thief / in forest / trees / to cut / axe / having taken / went
The thief taking the axe went to cut the trees in the forest.

4. Sīhā ca dīpayo ca aṭaviyaṃ vasante pasavo māretvā khādanti.
lions and / leopards and / in forest / living / beasts / having killed / eat
The lions and leopards kill and eat the beasts living in the forest.

5. Sappurisā viññuno bhavanti.
righteous men / wise men / are
Righteous men are wise men.

6. Bhūpati mantīhi saddhiṃ sindhuṃ taritvā sattavo paharitvā jinituṃ ussahi.
king / with ministers / sea / having crossed / enemies / having attacked / to win / tried
The king crossed the sea with the ministers, attacked the enemies and tried to win.

7. Ammā kaṭacchunā dārikaṃ odanaṃ bhojāpesi.
mother / with spoon / to girl / rice / fed
The mother fed rice to the girl with a spoon.

8. Hatthino ca kaṇeruyo ca ucchavo ākaḍḍhitvā khādiṃsu.
male elephants and / female elephants and / sugarcane / having pulled / ate
Male and female elephants pulled and ate the sugarcane.

9. Bhūpatissa mantino sattūnaṃ ketavo āhariṃsu.
king's / ministers / enemies' / flags / brought
The king's ministers brought the enemies' flags.

10. Setumhi nisinno bandhu taruno sākhaṃ hatthena ākaḍḍhi.
on bridge / seated / relative / tree's / branch / with hand / dragged
The relative seated on the bridge dragged the branch of the tree with hand.

11. Uyyāne ropitesu veḷūsu pakkhino nisīditvā gāyanti.
in park / planted / bamboos / birds / having perched / sing
The birds perch and sing on the bamboos planted in the park.

12. Sace pabhuno atthaññū honti manussā sukhino gāme viharituṃ sakkonti.
if / important people / benevolent / are / people / happily / in village / to live / are able
If important people are benevolent (and wise), (common) people are able to live happily in the village.

13. Sabbaññū Tathāgato dhammena manusse anusāsati.
all-knowing / Buddha / according to law / people / admonishes
The all-knowing Buddha admonishes the people according to the law.

14. Mattaññū* sappurisā dīghajīvino ca sukhino ca bhaveyyuṃ.
moderate / good men / long living and / happy and / may become
May good men who know their limits live long happily.

15. Viññūhi anusāsitā mayaṃ kumārā sappurisā bhavituṃ ussahimha.
by wise man / admonished / we / boys / righteous man / to be / tried
Admonished by the wise man, we boys tried to be righteous men.

16. Mayaṃ ravino ālokena ākāse uḍḍente pakkhino passituṃ sakkoma.
we / sun's / with light / in sky / flying / birds / to see / are able
With the light of the sun, We are able to see the birds flying in the sky.

17. Tumhe pabhuno hutvā dhammena jīvituṃ vāyameyyātha.
you / eminent / having become / righteously / to live / try
You try to become eminent and live righteously.

18. Ahaṃ dhammaṃ desentaṃ bhikkhuṃ jānāmi.
I / dhamma / preaching / monk / know
I know the monk preaching the dhamma.

19. Ahayo ākhavo khādantā aṭaviyā vammikesu (anthills) vasanti.
serpents / mice / eating / in forest / in anthills / live
Serpents live in the anthills in the forest eating mice.

20. Vanitāya sassu bhaginiyā ucchavo ca padumāni ca adadi/adāsi.
woman's / mother-in-law / to sister / sugarcane and / lotuses and / gave
The woman's mother-in-law gave sugarcane and lotuses to (her) sister.

* Mattaññū may also be translated as those who have fewness of wishes, or who are contented with little.

** Tuskers refer to the elephants or animals having tusks.

1. Satthā bhikkhūnaṃ dhammaṃ desento rukkhassa chāyāya nisinno hoti.
teacher / to monks / dhamma / preaching / tree's / in shade / seated / is
The teacher preaching the dhamma to the monks is seated in the shade of the tree.

2. Puññāni kattāro bhikkhūnaṃ ca tāpasānaṃ ca dānaṃ denti.
merits / doers / to monks and / to ascetics and / alms / give
Those who do meritorious deeds give alms to the monks and ascetics.

3. Sace satthā dhammaṃ deseyya viññātāro bhavissanti.
if / teacher / dhamma / would preach / knowers / (there) will be
If the teacher would preach the dhamma, (there) will be those who understand.

4. Bhūpati dīpasmiṃ jetā bhavatu.
king / in island / victorious / may...be
May the king be victorious in the island.

5. Pitā dhītaraṃ ādāya vihāraṃ gantvā satthāraṃ vandāpesi.
father / daughter / having taken / [to] monastery / having gone / teacher / got..ṭo worship
The father took his daughter (and went) to the monastery and made (her) worship the teacher.

6. Viññātāro loke manussānaṃ netāro hontu/bhavantu.
wise ones / in world / people's / leaders / may...be
May the wise ones be leaders of the people in the world.

7. Bhātā pitarā saddhiṃ mātuyā pacitaṃ yāguṃ bhuñji.
brother / with father / by mother / cooked / gruel / ate
Brother, with father, ate the gruel prepared by mother.

8. Bhattā nattārehi saha kīḷantaṃ kapiṃ disvā hasanto aṭṭhāsi (stood).
husband / with grandchildren / playing / monkey / having seen / laughing / stood
Seeing the monkey playing with the grandchildren, the husband stood laughing.

9. Setuṃ kattāro veḷavo bandhitvā nadiyā tīre ṭhapesuṃ.
bridge / makers / bamboos / having tied / of river / on bank / kept
Bridge makers tied the bamboos and kept (them) on the river bank.

10. Sindhuṃ taritvā dīpaṃ gantāro sattūhi hatā honti.
sea / having crossed / [to] island / goers / by enemies / killed / are
Having crossed the sea, those going to the island are killed by the enemies.

11. Bhariyā bhattu sāṭake rajakena dhovāpesi.
wife / husband's / garments / washerman / got..ṭo wash
The wife got the washerman to wash the garments of (her) husband.

12. Netuno kathaṃ sotāro uyyāne nisinnā suriyena pīḷitā honti.
leader's / speech / listeners / in park / seated / by sun / oppressed / are
The listeners of the leader's speech seated in the park are oppressed by the sun.

13. Dātārehi dinnāni vatthāni yācakehi na vikkiṇitabbāni honti.
by donors / given / clothes / by beggars / not / to be sold / are
The clothes given by the donors should not be sold by the beggars.

14. Rodantassa nattussa kujjhitvā vanitā taṃ (him) hatthena pahari.
crying / with crying grandson / having got angry / woman / him / with hand / hit
Having got angry with the crying grandson, the woman hit him with (her) hand.

15. Vinetuno ovādaṃ (advice) sutvā bandhavo sappurisā abhaviṃsu/ahesuṃ.
disciplinarian's / advice / having heard / relatives / good men / became
Having heard the disciplinarian's advice, the relatives became good men.

16. Gehesu ca aṭavīsu ca vasante ākhavo ahayo khādanti.
in houses and / in forests and / living / mice / serpents / eat
The serpents eat the mice living in the houses and forests.

17. Nattā mātaraṃ yāguṃ yācanto bhūmiyaṃ patitvā rodati.
grandchild / mother / gruel / begging / on ground / having fallen / cries
Begging mother (for) gruel, the grandchild falls on the ground and cries.

18. Tumhe bhātarānaṃ ca bhaginīnaṃ ca mā kujjhatha.
you / with brothers and / with sisters and / do not / get angry
You, do not get angry with (your) brothers and sisters.

19. Dīpaṃ gantārehi nāvāya sindhu taritabbo hoti.
[to] island / by goers / by ship / sea / to be crossed / is
Those who go to the island should cross the sea by ship.

20. Pubbakā (ancient) isayo mantānaṃ (magic spells) kattāro ca mantānaṃ pavattāro (reciters) ca abhaviṃsu/ahesuṃ.
ancient / seers / magic spells' / composers and / magic spells' / reciters and / were
Ancient seers were composers and reciters of magic spells.

21. Mattaññū dātāro nattārānaṃ thokaṃ thokaṃ modake (sweets) dadiṃsu/adaṃsu.
moderate / donors / to grandchildren / a little (of) / sweets / gave
The moderate donors gave a little of the sweets to the grandchildren.

22. Atthaññū netāro manusse sappurise karontā vinetāro bhavanti.
intelligent / leaders / people / good men / making / disciplinarians / are
Intelligent leaders are disciplinarians who make people good men.

23. Mātā dhītaraṃ ovadantī sīsaṃ (head) cumbitvā (kissed) bāhuṃ āmasitvā samassāsesi.
mother / daughter / advising / head / having kissed / arm / having stroked / comforted
The mother advising the daughter kissed (her) head, stroked (her) arm and comforted her.

24. Vadaññū brāhmaṇo khudāya pīḷente yācake disvā pahūtaṃ (much) bhojanaṃ (food) dāpesi.
generous / brahmin / by hunger / oppressed / beggars / having seen / much / food / got..ṭo be given
The generous brahmin saw beggars oppressed with hunger and caused much food to be given.

25. Sārathinā āhaṭe veḷavo gahetvā vaḍḍhakī sālaṃ māpesi.
by charioteer / brought / bamboos / having taken / carpenter / hall / got...built
Having taken the bamboos brought by the charioteer, the carpenter got a hall built.

1. Gehaṃ pavisantaṃ ahiṃ disvā kaññā bhāyitvā assūni pavattentī rodituṃ ārabhi.
house / entering / serpent / having seen / girl / having got frightened / tears / shedding / to cry / started
On seeing the serpent entering the house, the girl was frightened and, shedding tears, began to cry.
Alt: On seeing the serpent entering the house, the girl was frightened and began to weep and cry."

2. Dīpinā hatāya gāviyā aṭṭhīni bhūmiyaṃ vippakiṇṇāni honti.
by leopard / killed / cow's / bones / on ground / scattered / are
The bones of the cow killed by the leopard are scattered on the ground.

3. Nadiyā vārinā vatthāni dhovanto pitā nahāpetuṃ puttaṃ pakkosi.
in river / with water / clothes / washing / father / to get bathed / son / called
Washing clothes with the water in the river, the father called (his) son to get a bath.

4. Tvaṃ sappinā ca madhunā sammissetvā odanaṃ bhuñjissasi.
you / with ghee / and / with honey / having mixed / rice / will eat
You will eat the rice, having mixed (it) with ghee and honey.

5. Mayaṃ khīramhā dadhiṃ labhāma.
we / from milk / curd / get
We get curd from milk.

6. Bhikkhu dīpassa acciṃ olokento aniccasaññaṃ (perception of impermanence) vaḍḍhento (developing) nisīdi.
monk / lamp's / flame / observing / perception of impermanence / developing / sat
Observing the flame of the lamp, the monk sat developing the perception of impermanence.

7. Pāpakāri luddako dhanuṃ ca sare ca ādāya aṭaviṃ paviṭṭho.
evil / hunter / bow and / arrows and / having taken / forest / entered
The evil hunter has taken (his) bow and arrows and entered the forest.

8. Sattu amaccassa satthiṃ asīnā paharitvā aṭṭhiṃ chindi.
enemy / minister's / thigh / with sword / having hit / bone / broke
The enemy hit with a sword the minister's thigh and broke (his) bone.

9. Ahaṃ sappinā pacitaṃ odanaṃ madhunā bhuñjituṃ na icchāmi.
I / with ghee / cooked / rice / with honey / to eat / do not like
I do not like to eat the rice cooked in ghee with honey.

10. Nattā hatthehi ca jaṇṇūhi ca gacchantaṃ yācakaṃ disvā anukampamāno bhojanaṃ ca vatthaṃ ca dāpesi.
grandson / with hands / with knees / going / beggar / having seen / feeling compassionate / food and / clothe and / caused..ṭo be given
Seeing the beggar going on (his) hands and knees, the grandson felt compassionate and caused food and a clothe to be given (to him).
Alt: Seeing the beggar going on (his) hands and knees, the grandson felt compassionate and had food and clothing given (to him).

11. Dārūni saṃharantiyo itthiyo aṭaviyaṃ āhiṇḍantī gāyiṃsu.
firewood / collecting / women / in forest / wandering / sang
The women collecting firewood sang wandering in the forest.

12. Ambūmhi jātāni padumāni na ambunā upalittāni (smeared) honti.
in water / borned / lotuses / not / with water / smeared / are
Lotuses borned in the water are not smeared with water.

13. Manussā nānākammāni (various work) katvā vasuṃ saṃharitvā puttadāre (children and wives) posetuṃ ussahanti.
people / various work / having done / wealth / having accumulated / children and wives / to bring up / try
The people doing various work and accumulating wealth try to bring up (their) children and wives.

14. Bhattā mātuyā akkhīsu assūni disvā bhariyāya kujjhi.
husband / mother's / in eyes / tears / having seen / with wife / got angry
Seeing tears in the mother's eyes, the husband got angry with (his) wife.

15. Pitā khettavatthūni puttānaṃ ca nattārānaṃ ca vibhajitvā vihāraṃ gantvā pabbaji.
father / fields and estates / to children and / to grandchildren and / having distributed / [to] monastery / having gone / renounced
Having distributed to (his) children and grandchildren fields and estates, the father went to the monastery and became a monk.

16. Pakkhīhi khāditānaṃ phalānaṃ aṭṭhīni rukkhamūle patitāni honti.
by birds / eaten / fruits' / seeds / at root of tree / fallen / are
The seeds of the fruits eaten by the birds have fallen at the root of the tree.

17. Ācariyo sissānaṃ (pupils) sippaṃ (art) vācento te anukampamāno dhammena jīvituṃ anusāsi.
teacher / to pupils / art / teaching / them / feeling compassionate / righteously / to live / instructed
Feeling compassionate, the teacher teaching art to (his) pupils instructed them to live righteously.

18. Bodhisatto samaṇo māraṃ (the evil one) parājetvā Buddho bhavi/ahosi.
Bodhisatta / ascetic / the evil one / having defeated / Buddha / became
Having defeated the evil one, the Bodhisatta ascetic became the Buddha.

19. Buddhaṃ passitvā dhammaṃ sotuṃ patthentā narā dhammaṃ carituṃ vāyamanti.
Buddha / having seen / Dhamma / to hear / aspiring / people / dhamma / to walk / endeavour
Seeing the Buddha and aspiring to hear the Dhamma, the people endeavour to practise the Dhamma.

20. Sace sappurisānaṃ sabbā patthanā (fem. aspirations) samijjheyyuṃ manussā loke sukhaṃ vindeyyuṃ.
if / virtuous men's / all / aspirations / may get fulfilled / people / in world / joy / will experience
If all the aspirations of the virtuous men get fulfilled, the people in the world would experience joy.

21. Vyādhinā pīḷitā mātā assūni pavattentī dhītuyā gehaṃ āgantvā mañce sayitvā yāguṃ yāci.
by disease / oppressed / mother / tears / shedding / daughter's / house / having come / on bed / having lay / gruel / asked for
Oppressed by a disease, the mother shedding tears came to the daughter's house, and lying on the bed, asked for gruel.

22. Mātaraṃ anukampamānā dhītā khippaṃ (soon) yāguṃ paṭiyādetvā mātuyā mukhaṃ (face) dhovitvā yāguṃ pāyesi.
to mother / feeling compassionate / daughter / soon / gruel / having prepared / mother's / face / having washed / gruel / made..ḍrink
Feeling compassionate to (her) mother, the daughter soon prepared the gruel, washed (her) mother's face, and helped her drink the gruel.

23. Pitarā puṭṭhaṃ pañhaṃ bhattā sammā (correctly) vibhajitvā upamāya (with a simile) atthaṃ vyākari/vyākāsi.
by father / asked / question / husband / correctly / having analysed / with a simile / meaning / explained
Having analysed correctly the question asked by the father, the husband explained the meaning with a simile.

24. Luddako aṭaviyā bhūmiyaṃ dhaññaṃ vippakiritvā mige palobhetvā (tempting) māretuṃ ussahi.
hunter / in forest / on ground / corn / having scattered / deer / tempting / to kill / tried
The hunter tried to kill the deer by scattering corn on the ground in the forest and tempting (them).

25. Dhaññaṃ khādantā migā āgacchantaṃ luddakaṃ disvā vegena (speedily) dhāviṃsu.
corn / eating / deer / coming / having seen / speedily / ran
While eating the corn, the deer saw the hunter coming and ran (away) speedily.

1. Balavantehi bhūpatīhi arayo parājitā honti.
by powerful kings / enemies / defeated / are
The enemies are defeated by the powerful kings.

2. Mayaṃ cakkhūhi bhānumantassa suriyassa rasmiyo oloketuṃ na sakkoma.
we / with eyes / of radiant sun / rays / to see / are not able
We are not able to see the rays of the radiant sun with (our) eyes.

3. Bhikkhavo Bhagavatā desitaṃ dhammaṃ sutvā satimantā bhavituṃ vāyamiṃsu.
monks / by Blessed One / preached / dhamma / having heard / mindful / to be / endeavored
The monks heard the dhamma preached by the Blessed One and endeavored to be mindful.

4. Sīlavantā upāsakā Bhagavantaṃ vanditvā dhammaṃ sutvā satimantā bhavituṃ vāyamiṃsu.
virtuous lay devotees / [to] Blessed One / having paid respect / dhamma / having heard / mindful / to be / tried
The virtuous lay devotees, having paid respect to the Blessed One and heard the dhamma, tried to be mindful.

5. Paññavantehi icchitaṃ patthitaṃ samijjhissati.
of the wise / desires / aspirations / will be fulfilled
Desires and aspirations of the wise will be fulfilled.

6. Kulavato bhātā Bhagavatā saha mantento bhūmiyaṃ pattharitāya kilañjāyaṃ (mat) nisinno ahosi.
belonging to good family / brother / with Blessed One / taking counsel / on ground / spread / mat / seated / was
The brother belonging to a good family was seated on the mat spread on the ground, taking counsel with the Blessed One.

7. Phalavantesu tarūsu nisinnā pakkhino phalāni khāditvā aṭṭhīni bhūmiyaṃ pātesuṃ.
on fruit-laden trees / perched / birds / fruits / having eaten / seeds / on ground / dropped
The birds perched on the fruit-laden trees ate fruits and dropped the seeds on the ground.

8. Himavati bahū (many) pasavo ca pakkhī ca uragā (reptiles) ca vasanti.
on Himalayas / many / animals and / birds and / reptiles and / live
Many animals, birds and reptiles live on the Himalayas.

9. Sīlavantā dhammaṃ sutvā cakkhumantā bhavituṃ ussahissanti.
virtuous people / dhamma / having listened to / men with vision / to be / try
Virtuous people listen to the dhamma and try to be men with vision.

10. Guṇavato bandhu sīḷavatiṃ pañhaṃ pucchi.
of virtuous one / relatives / virtuous lady / question / ask
The relatives of the virtuous one asked the virtuous lady a question.

11. Guṇavatī yuvati sīlaṃ rakkhantī mātaraṃ posesi.
virtuous young woman / precepts / observing / mother / looked after
The virtuous young woman observing the precepts looked after (her) mother.

12. Yasavatiyā bandhavo balavanto pabhuno abhaviṃsu.
famous lady's / relatives / powerful / eminent / became
The relatives of the famous lady became powerful and eminent people.

13. Dhanavantassa sappurisassa bhariyā puññavatī ahosi.
rich good man's / wife / meritorious / was
The rich good man's wife was meritorious.

14. Sīlavantesu vasantā asappurisā pi guṇavantā bhaveyyuṃ.
with virtuous people / living / wicked men / too (even) / good / would become
Even wicked men living in the company of virtuous people would become good.

15. Silavatiyo mātaro putte guṇavante kātuṃ ussahanti.
virtuous mothers / sons / noble / to make / try
The virtuous mothers try to make their sons noble.

16. Buddhimā puriso pāpaṃ karonte putte anusāsitaṃ paññavantaṃ bhikkhuṃ pakkosi.
intelligent man / evil / doing / sons / to admonish / wise monk / invited
The intelligent man invited the wise monk to admonish (his) sons doing evil.

17. Kulavato nattā sīlavatā bhikkhunā dhammaṃ sutvā pasīditvā gehaṃ pahāya bhikkhūsu pabbaji.
grandson of a man of good family / virtuous monk / dhamma / having heard / having being pleased / home / having left / among monks / got ordained
The grandson of a noble family, was pleased after listening to the dhamma from the virtuous monk, left the household and got ordained among the monks.

18. Balavantā pabhuno guṇavanto bhavantu.
powerful men of eminence / righteous / may...be
May the powerful men of eminence be righteous.

19. Dhanavantā balavantā kadāci karahaci (seldom) guṇavantā bhavanti.
rich powerful people / seldom / virtuous / are
Rich powerful people are seldom virtuous.

20. Himavantasmā āgato paññavā isi sīlavatiyā mātuyā uyyāne atithi ahosi.
from Himalayas / come / wise sage / virtuous mother's / in park / guest / was
The wise sage who has come from the Himalayas was the guest of the virtuous mother in the park.

21. Dubbalaṃ (weak) sīlavatiṃ itthiṃ disvā anukampamānā dhanavatī taṃ (her) posesi.
weak virtuous woman / having seen / feeling compassionate / rich lady / her / brought...up
Feeling compassionate, the rich lady saw the weak virtuous woman and brought her up.

22. Himavati phalavantā taravo na chinditabbā honti.
in Himalayas / fruitful trees / not to be cut / are
The fruitful trees in the Himalayas should not be cut.

23. Dhammassa viññātāro yasavantā bhavituṃ na ussahanti.
of Dhamma / knowers / famous / to be / do not try
Those who know the Dhamma do not try to be famous.

24. Bandhumā balavā hoti, dhanavā bandhumā hoti.
he who has relatives / powerful / is / he who is rich / relatives / has
He who has relatives is powerful, he who is rich has relatives.

25. Sīlavatī rājinī guṇavatīhi itthīhi saddhiṃ sālāyaṃ nisīditvā yasavatiyā kaññāya kathaṃ suṇi.
virtuous queen / with good women / in hall / having seated / famous girl's / speech / listened
The virtuous queen with the good women sat in the hall and listened to the speech of the famous girl.

26. Guṇavā puriso rukkhamhā ojavantāni phalāni ocinitvā vihāre vasantānaṃ silavantānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ vibhaji.
virtuous man / from tree / nourishing fruits / having picked / in monastery / living / to virtuous monks / distributed
The virtuous man picked nourishing fruits from the tree and distributed to the virtuous monks living in the monastery.

27. Balavatiyā rājiniyā amaccā dhammena dīpe manusse pālesuṃ.
powerful queen's / ministers / righteously / on island / people / ruled
The ministers of the powerful queen ruled the people on the island righteously.

28. Yasavantīnaṃ nārīnaṃ dhītaro pi yasavantiyo bhavissanti.
of famous women / daughters / too / famous / will be
The daughters of the famous women will be famous too.

29. Paññavantiyā yuvatiyā puṭṭho dhanavā pañhaṃ vyākātuṃ asakkonto sabhāyaṃ nisīdi.
by wise maiden / asked / rich man / question / to explain / unable / in hall / sat
The rich man, unable to explain the question asked by the wise maiden, sat in the hall.

30. Bhānumā suriyo manussānaṃ ālokaṃ deti.
radiant / sun / to people / light / gives
The radiant sun gives light to the people.

1. Mama ācariyo maṃ vācento* potthakaṃ (book) likhi (wrote).
my / teacher / me / teaching / book / wrote
My teacher (who is) teaching me wrote a book.

2. Mayhaṃ bhaginī gilānaṃ (sick) pitaraṃ posesi.
my / sister / sick father / looked after
My sister looked after (our) sick father.

3. Dātāro bhikkhūnaṃ dānaṃ dentā amhe pi bhojāpesuṃ.
donors / to monks / alms / giving / us / too / fed
The donors giving alms to the monks fed us too.

4. Tumhākaṃ dhītaro kuhiṃ (where) gamissanti?
your / daughters / where / will go
Where will your daughters go?

5. Amhākaṃ dhītaro satthāraṃ namassituṃ Veḷuvanaṃ gamissanti.
our / daughters / teacher / to worship / [to] Veluvana / will go
Our daughters will go to Veluvana to worship the teacher.

6. Amhaṃ kammāni karontā dāsā (servants) pi sappurisā bhavanti.
for us / work / doing / servants / too / virtuous men / become
The servants doing work for us become virtuous men too.
Alt: The servants doing work for us are virtuous men too.

7. Amhehi katāni puññāni ca pāpāni ca amhe anubandhanti.
by us / done / merit and / evil and / us / follow
Merit and evil done by us follow us.

8. Tayā kītāni bhaṇḍāni tava dhītā mañjūsāsu pakkhipitvā ṭhapesi.
by you / bought / goods / your / daughter / in boxes / having put / kept
Your daughter put the goods bought by you in the boxes and kept (them).

9. Kulavantā ca caṇḍālā (outcasts) ca amhesu bhikkhūsu pabbajanti.
men of good families and / outcastes and / among us / monks / renounce
(Both) men of good families and outcastes renounce (the world) among us monks.

10. Amhākaṃ uyyāne phalavantesu tarūsu vaṇṇavantā pakkhino caranti.
in our park / on fruitful trees / colourful birds / move
The colourful birds move on the fruitful trees in our park.

11. Uyyānaṃ āgantvā tiṇāni khādantā migā amhe passitvā bhāyitvā aṭaviṃ dhāviṃsu.
[to] park / having come / grass / eating / deer / us / having seen / were frightened / [into] forest / ran
Coming to the park and eating grass, the deer having seen us were frightened and ran into the forest.

12. Amhākaṃ bhattāro nāvāya udadhiṃ taritvā dīpaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu.
our / husbands / by ship / sea / having crossed / island / reached
Our husbands crossed the sea by ship and reached the island.

13. Amhaṃ bhūpatayo balavantā jetāro bhavanti.
our / kings / powerful / victorious / are
Our kings are powerful and victorious.

14. Tumhākaṃ nattāro ca mama bhātaro ca sahayakā abhaviṃsu/ahesuṃ.
your / grandsons and / my / brothers and / friends / were
Your grandsons and my brothers were friends.

15. Tumhehi āhaṭāni cīvarāni mama mātā bhikkhūnaṃ pūjesi.
by you / brought / robes / my / mother / to monks / offered
My mother offered to the monks the robes brought by you.

16. Uyyāne nisinno ahaṃ nattārehi kīḷantaṃ tavaṃ apassiṃ.
in park / seated / I / with grandsons / playing / you / saw
Seated in the park, I saw you playing with the grandsons.

17. Dhaññaṃ minanto ahaṃ tayā saddhiṃ kathetuṃ na sakkomi.
corn / measuring / I / with you / to speak / am not able
Measuring corn, I am not able to speak with you.

18. Ahaṃ tava na kujjhāmi, tvaṃ me kujjhasi.
I / with you / am not angry / you / with me / are angry
I am not angry with you, you get angry with me.

19. Mama dhanavanto bandhavo viññū viduno bhavanti.
my rich relatives / intelligent / educated / are
My rich relatives are intelligent and educated.

20. Dīpassa accinā ahaṃ tava chāyaṃ passituṃ sakkomi.
of lamp / by flame / I / your / shadow / to see / am able
By the shape of the lamp, I can see your shadow.

21. Amhākaṃ bhūpatayo jetāro hutvā pāsādesu ketavo ussāpesuṃ (hoisted).
our / kings / victorious / having being / on palaces / banners / hoisted
Our kings being victorious hoisted banners on the palaces.

22. Bhātuno puttā mama gehe viharantā sippaṃ uggaṇhiṃsu.
brother's / sons / my / in house / living / arts and science / learnt
Brother's sons/children living in my house received education.

23. Tava duhitā bhikkhuno ovāde ṭhatvā patino kāruṇikā sakhī (friend) ahosi.
your / daughter / monk's / advice / having abided / to husband / kind / friend / became
Your daughter abiding by the monk's advice became a kind friend to (her) husband.

24. Kusalaṃ karontā netāro saggaṃ gantāro bhavissanti.
good deeds / doing / leaders / [to] heavens / goers / will be
The leaders doing good deeds will be heaven-goers.

25. Sace coro gehaṃ pavisati sīsaṃ bhinditvā nāsetabbo hoti.
if / robber / house / enters / head / having broken / to be killed / is
If a robber enters the house, he should be killed by breaking (his) head.**

26. Amhākaṃ sattuno hatthesu ca pādesu ca daddu atthi.
of our enemy / on hands and / on feet and / eczema / there is
There is eczema on the hands and feet of our enemy.

27. Sīlavantā buddhimantehi saddhiṃ loke manussānaṃ hitasukhāya (for welfare and happiness) nānā kammāni karonti.
righteous men / with intelligent men / in world / people's / for welfare and happiness / various activities / perform
Righteous men together with intelligent people perform various activities for the welfare and happiness of human beings in the world.

28. Sace susūnaṃ vinetā kāruniko hoti, te sotavantā susavo gunavantā bhavissanti.
if / young ones' / disciplinarian / kind person / is / they / listening young ones / virtuous men / will become
If the disciplinarian of the young ones is a kind person, they will become virtuous listening (to him).

29. Mayaṃ khīramhā dadhi ca dadhimhā sappiṃ ca labhāma.
we / from milk / curds and / from curds / ghee and / get
We get curds from milk and ghee from curds.

30. Mayaṃ sappiṃ ca madhuṃ ca sammissetvā bhojanaṃ paṭiyādetvā bhuñjissāma.
we / ghee and / honey and / having mixed / meal / having prepared / shall enjoy
We shall enjoy a dish (meal) prepared by mixing ghee and honey.

* How does vāceti, which literally means "cause to speak" came to mean "teach"? In the past, teaching is largely done through rote learning. For the teacher to pass on his knowledge to the pupil, he makes his pupil repeat after him and makes his recite what he has committed into memory. Thus, in teaching the student, the teacher literally causes him to speak.

** At this point of time, it is important to remind everyone that Buddhism strongly advises against taking lives.

1. Yassā so putto hoti sā mātā puññavatī hoti.
her / he / son / is / she / fortunate mother / is
Lit: He is her son, she is a fortunate mother.
She, whose son he is, is a fortunate mother.

2. Yo taṃ dīpaṃ pāleti so dhammiko bhūpati hoti.
he who / that / island / rules / he / righteous king / is
He who rules that island is a righteous king.

3. Kena ajja (today) navaṃ (new) jīvitamaggaṃ na pariyesitabbaṃ?
who / today / new / way of life / should not search
Who should not search for a new way of life today?

4. Sace tumhe asappurisā lokaṃ dūseyyātha (pollute) kattha puttadhītarehi saddhiṃ tumhe vasatha?
if / you / wicked men / world / would pollute / where / with sons and daughters / you / live
If you wicked men pollute the world, where would you live with your sons and daughters?

5. Yadā bhikkhavo sannipatitvā sālāyaṃ kilañjāsu nisīdiṃsu tadā Buddho pāvisi.
when / monks / having assembled / in hall / on mats / sat / then / Buddha / entered
When the monks assembled and sat on the mats in the hall, then the Buddha entered.

6. Yasmiṃ padese Buddho viharati tattha gantuṃ ahaṃ icchāmi.
(in) which / in locality / Buddha / dwells / there / to go / I / wish
In which locality the Buddha dwells, there I wish to go.

7. Yāyaṃ guhāyaṃ sīhā vasanti taṃ pasavo na upasa'nkamanti.
(in) which / in cave / lions / live / there / beasts / do not approach
In which cave the lions live, there beasts do not approach.

8. Yo dhanavā hoti, tena sīlavatā bhavitabbaṃ.
he who / rich / is / he / virtuous / should be
He who is rich should be virtuous.

9. Sace tumhe maṃ pañhaṃ pucchissatha ahaṃ vissajjetuṃ (to explain) ussahissāmi.
if / you / me / question / would ask / I / to explain / will try
If you ask me the question, I will try to explain.

10. Yatha sīlavantā bhikkhavo vasanti tattha manussā sappurisā honti.
where / virtuous monks / live / there / people / good men / are
Where virtuous monks live, the people there are good.

11. Kadā tvaṃ mātaraṃ passituṃ bhariyāya saddhiṃ gacchasi?
when / you / mother / to see / with wife / go
When will you go to see mother with (your) wife?

12. Yāhi rukkhā chinnā tāyo pucchituṃ kassako āgato hoti.
(by) whom / trees / cut / them / to question / farmer / come / has
The farmer has come to question those women by whom the trees were cut.

13. Kathaṃ tumhe udadhiṃ tarituṃ āka'nkhatha?
how / you / sea / to cross / wish
How do you wish to cross the sea?

14. Kuto tā itthiyo maṇayo āhariṃsu?
from where / they / women / gems / brought
From where did the women bring the gems?

15. Yāsu mañjūsāsu ahaṃ suvaṇṇaṃ nikkhipiṃ tā corā coresuṃ.
(in) which / boxes / I / gold / put / they / robbers / stole
They, the robbers, stole those boxes in which I put the gold.

16. Yo ajja nagaraṃ gacchati so tarūsu ketavo passissati.
he who / today / [to] city / goes / he / on trees / flags / will see
He who goes to the city today will see flags on the trees.

17. Yassa mayā yāgu pūjitā so bhikkhu tava putto hoti.
to him (whom) / by me / gruel / offered / he / monk / your / son / is
The monk to whom I offered gruel is your son.

18. Kuto ahaṃ dhammassa viññātāraṃ paññavantaṃ bhikkhuṃ labhissāmi?
from where / I / knowledgeable of the Dhamma / wise monk / will get
From where will I get a wise monk who understands the Dhamma?

19. Yasmā so bhikkhūsu pabbaji, tasmā sā pi pabbajituṃ icchati.
because / he / among monks / got ordained / therefore / she / too / to get ordained / wished
Because he got ordained among the monks, therefore she wishes to get ordained too.

20. Yaṃ ahaṃ jānāmi tumhe pi taṃ jānātha.
he who / I / know / you / too / him / know
Lit: He who I know, you know him too.
You also know him whom I know.

21. Yāsaṃ itthīnaṃ dhanaṃ so icchati tāhi taṃ labhituṃ so na sakkoti.
of (whom) / women / wealth / he / wishes / from (them) / it / to get / he / is unable
He is unable to get from those women their wealth which he desires.

22. Yato amhākaṃ bhūpati arayo parājesi tasmā mayaṃ tarūsu ketavo bandhimha.
because / our / king / enemies / defeated / therefore / we / on trees / banners / tied
Because our king defeated the enemies, we tied banners on trees.

23. Kadā amhākaṃ patthanā (aspirations) samijjhanti?
when / our / aspirations / will fulfill
When will our aspirations come to fruition?

24. Sabbe te sappurisā tesaṃ pañhe vissajjetuṃ vāyamantā sālāya nisinnā honti.
all / they / good men / for them / questions / to solve / trying / in hall / seated / are
All those good men are seated in the hall trying to solve their questions for them.

25. Sace tvaṃ dvāraṃ thakesi ahaṃ pavisituṃ na sakkomi.
if / you / door / shut / I / to enter / am not able
If you shut the door, I cannot enter.

26. Amhehi katāni kammāni chāyāyo viya amhe anubandhanti.
by us / done / actions / shadows / like / us / follow
Actions done by us follow us like shadows.

27. Susavo mātaraṃ rakkhanti.
young ones / mother / protect
The young ones protect (their) mother.

28. Ahaṃ sāminā saddhiṃ gehe viharantī modāmi.
I / with husband / in house / living / am happy
I am happy living in the house with (my) husband.

29. Tumhākaṃ puttā ca dhītaro ca udadhiṃ taritvā bhaṇḍāni vikkiṇantā mūlaṃ pariyesituṃ icchanti.
your / sons and / daughters and / sea / having crossed / goods / selling / money / to search / hope
Your sons and daughters cross the sea and hope to search money (gain) selling goods.

30. Tvaṃ suraṃ pivasi, tasmā sā tava kujjhati.
you / liquor / drink / therefore / she / with you / gets angry
You drink liquor, therefore she gets angry with you.

* Use future tense.

** Use future tense.